Regardez la ligne bleue clair sur le graphique ci-dessus. Elle représente l'engagement généré sur facebook par les 20 fake news les plus populaires juste avant l'élection présidentielle de 2016 aux Etats-Unis. Il s’agit donc du nombre de fois qu'on a cliqué dessus ou qu'on les a partagées. Ce sont des fake news qui peuvent sembler fantaisistes comme: "Hillary Clinton a vendu des armes à l'état islamique". La ligne bleue foncé représente le nombre de fois qu'on a cliqué, liké ou ouvert des billets provenant de l'ensemble des médias américains les plus importants dont le Washington Post, le New York Times et NBC news. On voit que près de l'élection, les gens se sont plus engagés vis-à-vis des 20 fake news que vis-à-vis de l'ensemble des médias traditionnels, ce qui laisse songeur.
J'enseigne la psychologie sociale à l'Université Libre de Bruxelles et à l'Université de Mons. L'objectif de ce blog relève de l'auto-discipline: m'obliger à transformer les proto-réflexions qu'éveillent l'actualité de ma discipline et l'actualité tout court en une pensée (plus ou moins) articulée et communicable à tout un chacun...J'espère en faire profiter d'autres que moi.Twittter: @olivier_klein
mercredi 31 octobre 2018
On ne peut pas ne pas croire: psychologie sociale et vulnérabilité aux "fake news"
Regardez la ligne bleue clair sur le graphique ci-dessus. Elle représente l'engagement généré sur facebook par les 20 fake news les plus populaires juste avant l'élection présidentielle de 2016 aux Etats-Unis. Il s’agit donc du nombre de fois qu'on a cliqué dessus ou qu'on les a partagées. Ce sont des fake news qui peuvent sembler fantaisistes comme: "Hillary Clinton a vendu des armes à l'état islamique". La ligne bleue foncé représente le nombre de fois qu'on a cliqué, liké ou ouvert des billets provenant de l'ensemble des médias américains les plus importants dont le Washington Post, le New York Times et NBC news. On voit que près de l'élection, les gens se sont plus engagés vis-à-vis des 20 fake news que vis-à-vis de l'ensemble des médias traditionnels, ce qui laisse songeur.
mardi 2 octobre 2018
Comment trouver la version française d'une échelle psychologique validée en une autre langue? (Tuto rapide)
Un nouvelle catégorie de billets. Des petits tutoriels pour étudiant·e·s (principalement en psycho).
Une étudiante m'écrit afin de me demander une "échelle de préjugés" en français. La demande est trop vaste, certes, mais étant souvent confronté à ce type de demandes, je me suis dit que je produirais un petit tutoriel sur le sujet.Voici une solution à partir de la base de données google scholar, qui a le mérite d'être gratuite et facile d'accès.
Une étudiante m'écrit afin de me demander une "échelle de préjugés" en français. La demande est trop vaste, certes, mais étant souvent confronté à ce type de demandes, je me suis dit que je produirais un petit tutoriel sur le sujet.Voici une solution à partir de la base de données google scholar, qui a le mérite d'être gratuite et facile d'accès.
vendredi 28 septembre 2018
Le Juge et la (bière) blonde: Pourquoi la consommation d'alcool est-elle liée aux agressions sexuelles?
Kavanaugh à Yale: Source
"I liked beer. I still like beer"
Brett Kavanaugh lors des auditions au sénat, le 27/09/2018
Le Président Trump a récemment proposé le juge Brett Kavanaugh comme candidat à la Cour Suprême des Etats-Unis, la plus haute juridiction du pays. C'est la Cour Suprême qui a tranché l'élection présidentielle contestée opposant George W Bush à Al Gore en 2000. C'est aussi elle qui a décrété la fin de la ségrégation raciale dans l'enseignement obligatoire et la dépénalisation de l'avortement. Son rôle dans l'évolution de la société américaine est donc tout à fait fondamental et on ne peut guère s'étonner que, dans un paysage politique fracturé, comme celui des Etats-Unis, le choix d'un membre de cette instance, qui doit être approuvé par le Sénat, soit l'objet de vives tensions entre la majorité républicaine et l'opposition démocrate.
lundi 24 septembre 2018
L'engagement social biaise-t-il la recherche de la vérité? La réponse d'Alice Dreger
Dans le podcast "Two Psychologists and Four Beers", Mickey Inzlicht et Yoel Inbar recevaient récemment Alice Dreger, une bio-éthicienne et historienne, auteure notamment de "Galileo's Middle Fingers: Heretics, Activists, and the Search for Justice in Science" ("Le Majeur de Galilée: Hérésie, Militantisme et la recherche de la Justice dans la Science"). Elle est donc particulièrement intéressée par le lien entre l'engagement social et l'activité scientifique. Du reste, elle a démissionné d'un poste de Professeure à la Faculté de Médecine de l'Université Northwestern (Illinois) en 2015 suite à ce qu'un article publié dans une revue qu'elle dirigeait ait été censuré par l'université. C'est là un acte rare et courageux. J'ai trouvé l'entretien tellement intéressant que j'ai décidé de le traduire (du moins une petite partie) sans commentaire. Désolé si le style (parlé) n'est pas parfait!
Alice Dreger (source: Wikimedia)
mercredi 12 septembre 2018
Sommes-nous tous des corbeaux? Academia.edu, l'ego et la Science
Je ne me suis pas encore retiré d'academia.edu. Academia.edu, c'est une sorte de facebook des chercheur·se·s, une plateforme en ligne sur laquelle ils·elles peuvent poster leurs articles et les rendre accessibles à tou·te·s. La base de données nous fournit aussi quelque statistiques sur l'intérêt que suscitent nos productions (nombre de fois qu'un article a été vu ou téléchargé par exemple). Cette partie-là, elle est gratuite. Comme de nombreux services "gratuits", academia.edu dispose ainsi de moult données sur les chercheur·se·s qui peuplent sa plateforme, données qui sont potentiellement monnayables. Le problème, c'est que cela ne suffit pas. "Diantre, comment faire pour que nos membres extraient leur carte de crédit du vieux portefeuille qui se loge dans leur pantalon en velours côtelé?" se disent les Picsou d'academia.edu. La solution est simple: titillez leur ego! Assaillez-les de messages du type: "Cette semaine, un chercheur de l'université d'Oxford a lu votre article 'la santé rénale des ratons-laveurs dans la banlieue de Chicoutimi". Ah ben là, on veut savoir si par hasard, le dernier prix Nobel de médecine ne s'est pas pris d'intérêt pour notre travail. Mais il faudra casquer pour le savoir.
lundi 30 avril 2018
Quotes
I am going to use this post to copy quotes that have attracted my attention.
First, here is a bunch from Nobel prize winning physicist Richard Feynman's book, "Surely your are joking, Mr. Feynman!". New York: Norton. (2018 Edition)
"I don't know what's the matter with people: they don't learn by understanding: they learn by some other way - by rote, or something. Their knowledge is so fragile!" (p. 44).
"People often think I'm a faker, but I'm usually honest, in a certain way - in such a way that nobody believes me" (p. 48)
Managing meetings at Los Alamos:
"So everybody is disagreeing, all around the table. I am surprised and disturbed that Compton doesn't repeat and emphasize his point. Finally, at the end, Tolman, who is the chairman, would say "well, having heard all these arguments, I guess it's true that Compton's argument is the best of all, and now we have to go ahead" (p. 128)
"The problem with playing a trick on a highly intelligent man like Mr. Teller is that the time it takes him to figure out from the moment that the sees there is something wrong till heunderstands exactly what happened is too damn small to give you any pleasure" (p. 140)
After criticizing an idea by Niels Bohr, much older and respected physicist then:
"I was always dumb in that way. I never knew who I was talking to. I was always worried about the physics. If the idea looked lousy, I said it looked lousy. If it looked good, I sait it looked good. Simple proposition" (p. 155)
"He (the Japanese scientists explaining physiscal stuff) thinks I'm following the steps mathematically, but that's not what I'm doing. I have the specific, physical example of what he's trying to analyze, and I know from instinct and experience the properties of the damn thing. So, when the equation says it should behave so-and-so, and I know that's the wrong way around, I jump up and say, "Wait! There's a mistale!"" (p. 281)
"I'll never make that mistake again, reading the experts' opinions. Of course, you only live one life, and ou make all your mistakes, and learn what not to do, and that's the end of you" (p. 293)
"The (drawing) teacher doesn't want to push you in some particular direction. So the drawing teacher has this problem of communicating how to draw by osmosis and not by instruction, while the physics teacher has the problem of always teaching techniques, rather than the spirit, of how to go about solving physics problems" (p. 302)
"I understood that to sell a drawing is not to make money, but to make sure that it's in the home of someone who really wants it, someone who would feel bad if they didn't have it." (p. 306)
He said, "You see, I'm a stenotypist, and I type everything that is said here. Now, when the other fellas talk, I type what they say, but I don't understand what they's saying. But evey time you get up to ask a question or to say something, I understand excatly what you mean - what the question is, and what you're saying - so I thought you can't be a professor" (p. 320)
"There were a lot of fools at that conference - pompous fools- and pompous fools drive me up the wall. Ordinary fools are all right, you can talk to them, and try to help them out. But pompous fools - guys who are fools and are covering it all over and impressing people as to how wonderfyl they are with all this hocus popus - THAT I CANNOT STAND! An ordinary fool is not a faker, an honest fool is all right. But a dishonest fool is terrible!" (pp. 323-324)
(Danish princess at the Nobel ceremony)
"-Oh! You are the Nobel-Prize-winners. In what field did you do your work?"
"In physics" I said
"Oh, Well, nobody knows anything about that, so I guess we can't talk about it".
"On the contrary", I answered". "It's because somebody knows something about it that we can't talk about physics. It's the things that nobody knows anything about that we can discuss. We can talk about the weather; we can talk about social problems; we cantalk about psychology; we can talk about international finances - gold transfers we can't talk about, because those are understood - so it's the subject that nobody knows anything about that we can talk about!"
I don't know how they do it. There's a way of forming ice on the surface of the face, and she did t! She turned to talk to somebody else (pp. 350-351)
"It's nice that I got some money - I was able to buy a beach house - but, altogether, I think it would have been much nicer not to have had the Prize-because you never, any longer, can be taken straightforwardly in any public situation" (p. 352)
"When you have put a lot of ideas together to make an elaborate theory, you want to make sure, when explaining what it fits, that those things it fits are not just the things that gave you the idea for the theory; but that the finished theory makes something else come out right, in addition" (p. 385)
"The first principle is that you must not fool yourself - and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. after you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that" (p. 387)
First, here is a bunch from Nobel prize winning physicist Richard Feynman's book, "Surely your are joking, Mr. Feynman!". New York: Norton. (2018 Edition)
"I don't know what's the matter with people: they don't learn by understanding: they learn by some other way - by rote, or something. Their knowledge is so fragile!" (p. 44).
"People often think I'm a faker, but I'm usually honest, in a certain way - in such a way that nobody believes me" (p. 48)
Managing meetings at Los Alamos:
"So everybody is disagreeing, all around the table. I am surprised and disturbed that Compton doesn't repeat and emphasize his point. Finally, at the end, Tolman, who is the chairman, would say "well, having heard all these arguments, I guess it's true that Compton's argument is the best of all, and now we have to go ahead" (p. 128)
"The problem with playing a trick on a highly intelligent man like Mr. Teller is that the time it takes him to figure out from the moment that the sees there is something wrong till heunderstands exactly what happened is too damn small to give you any pleasure" (p. 140)
After criticizing an idea by Niels Bohr, much older and respected physicist then:
"I was always dumb in that way. I never knew who I was talking to. I was always worried about the physics. If the idea looked lousy, I said it looked lousy. If it looked good, I sait it looked good. Simple proposition" (p. 155)
"He (the Japanese scientists explaining physiscal stuff) thinks I'm following the steps mathematically, but that's not what I'm doing. I have the specific, physical example of what he's trying to analyze, and I know from instinct and experience the properties of the damn thing. So, when the equation says it should behave so-and-so, and I know that's the wrong way around, I jump up and say, "Wait! There's a mistale!"" (p. 281)
"I'll never make that mistake again, reading the experts' opinions. Of course, you only live one life, and ou make all your mistakes, and learn what not to do, and that's the end of you" (p. 293)
"The (drawing) teacher doesn't want to push you in some particular direction. So the drawing teacher has this problem of communicating how to draw by osmosis and not by instruction, while the physics teacher has the problem of always teaching techniques, rather than the spirit, of how to go about solving physics problems" (p. 302)
"I understood that to sell a drawing is not to make money, but to make sure that it's in the home of someone who really wants it, someone who would feel bad if they didn't have it." (p. 306)
He said, "You see, I'm a stenotypist, and I type everything that is said here. Now, when the other fellas talk, I type what they say, but I don't understand what they's saying. But evey time you get up to ask a question or to say something, I understand excatly what you mean - what the question is, and what you're saying - so I thought you can't be a professor" (p. 320)
"There were a lot of fools at that conference - pompous fools- and pompous fools drive me up the wall. Ordinary fools are all right, you can talk to them, and try to help them out. But pompous fools - guys who are fools and are covering it all over and impressing people as to how wonderfyl they are with all this hocus popus - THAT I CANNOT STAND! An ordinary fool is not a faker, an honest fool is all right. But a dishonest fool is terrible!" (pp. 323-324)
(Danish princess at the Nobel ceremony)
"-Oh! You are the Nobel-Prize-winners. In what field did you do your work?"
"In physics" I said
"Oh, Well, nobody knows anything about that, so I guess we can't talk about it".
"On the contrary", I answered". "It's because somebody knows something about it that we can't talk about physics. It's the things that nobody knows anything about that we can discuss. We can talk about the weather; we can talk about social problems; we cantalk about psychology; we can talk about international finances - gold transfers we can't talk about, because those are understood - so it's the subject that nobody knows anything about that we can talk about!"
I don't know how they do it. There's a way of forming ice on the surface of the face, and she did t! She turned to talk to somebody else (pp. 350-351)
"It's nice that I got some money - I was able to buy a beach house - but, altogether, I think it would have been much nicer not to have had the Prize-because you never, any longer, can be taken straightforwardly in any public situation" (p. 352)
"When you have put a lot of ideas together to make an elaborate theory, you want to make sure, when explaining what it fits, that those things it fits are not just the things that gave you the idea for the theory; but that the finished theory makes something else come out right, in addition" (p. 385)
"The first principle is that you must not fool yourself - and you are the easiest person to fool. So you have to be very careful about that. after you've not fooled yourself, it's easy not to fool other scientists. You just have to be honest in a conventional way after that" (p. 387)
jeudi 26 avril 2018
mardi 24 avril 2018
Fake News & Crédulité
Suite à la parution de notre expérience en ligne et vidéo sur les fake news, j'ai été interviewé par Le Soir sur le sujet. Vous trouverez un PDF de l'article ici si vous n'avez pas accès à celui-ci.
mardi 10 avril 2018
Mai 68 et la ségrégation raciale
Je suis très heureux d'avoir participé à l'aventure "1968-2018. 50 ans de contestations" avec le Journal Le Soir. Samedi dernier paraissait le dossier sur l'émergence des minorités. La page à laquelle j'ai contribué, sur la ségrégation raciale aux Etats-Unis est disponible ici.
Voici également une vidéo coordonnée par le service communication de recherche de l'ULB pour l'occasion.
Voici également une vidéo coordonnée par le service communication de recherche de l'ULB pour l'occasion.